"The team calculated that the comet's brightness increased proportionally to the inverse of heliocentric distance to the 7.5 power, a significantly steeper brightening than the earlier rate observed when it was farther out. "

"Research on the dynamics, i.e., and ATLAS, showed that this gigantic mass loss, remember, 40 kg of water per second, perfectly explains the comet's strange movement. So we don't need ion engines, light sails here. Nothing, the physics of evaporating ice is enough. "

"This blue is the signature of carbon monoxide and amidogen radical fluorescence. And here we get to the crux of the matter. This change in colors is proof that the sun has stripped the comet of its outer red skin. The heat has penetrated the protective layer and reached the deeper hidden volatile ices. And what we are seeing now is the naked, blue, violently outgassing heart of the comet. "

"The Casimir effect is proof that vacuum has its own energy and exerts pressure. In an experiment with two very closely placed plates, we observe these plates eventually touching each other. This means that the pressure of particles outside is greater than that in the confined space between them. The research was conducted in a vacuum, so it turns out that the vacuum is not empty at all. "

"What we consider a vacuum actually resembles a boiling soup at a very micro scale. Physicists call this quantum fluctuations. Even in the deepest vacuum, virtual particles constantly appear and disappear every fraction of a second. Particle-antiparticle pairs pop out of existence, borrow a bit of energy from the universe, exist for an unimaginably short moment, and then collide and annihilate, returning the energy. "

"Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, one of the foundations of modern physics, tells us directly: 'We cannot simultaneously know with ideal precision the values of energy and the duration of its existence. And what does this mean in practice? That energy at a given point in space cannot be ideally zero all the time. It must fluctuate, it must oscillate. Nature literally abhors absolute zero, just as it abhors a vacuum. "

"It turns out that the energy balance of the universe can be and probably is exactly zero. Matter, light, heat, all of this is positive energy, but gravity, gravity is negative energy. "

"The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases. Disorder simply always increases, which we can observe around us. The state of ideal nothingness is a state of extremely low entropy. It is a highly ordered state, because there is only one way to be perfectly empty. Whereas there are billions of trillions or even more states in which something exists. "

"These objects orbiting alone in the Milky Way, not gravitationally bound to stars. The discovery was possible thanks to the direct weighing of a planet discovered by the phenomenon of gravitational microlensing. Its mass is 70 Earth masses, so we are dealing here rather with some gas giant or something like an ice giant, as we call planets like Uranus or Neptune. "

"A breakthrough came with observations made on May 3, 2024. Using telescopes from the Korean KMTNet network (located in Australia, South Africa, and Chile), together with the OGLE telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, astronomers recorded a short-lived gravitational microlensing event involving a bright star near the center of the Galaxy. "

"Our astronomers weighed a planet traveling through the Milky Way. They discovered a new class of celestial bodies. A breakthrough paper by a team of astronomers, in which Polish researchers played a significant role, has just been published in the prestigious journal Science. They discovered a completely new class of exoplanets. This is one of the most important astronomical events of the decade. "

"And for comparison, in the Milky Way, the central supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, has a mass of about 4 million solar masses. And it sounds impressive, of course, but it is merely a tiny fraction of a percent of the total mass of the Milky Way, which after all counts hundreds of billions of stars. "

"In the cosmological context, Red Shift is not merely an ordinary effect of an object's motion, but a direct measure of how much space has stretched during the photon's journey. The farther away a galaxy is, the stronger this shift. "

"On the scale of the entire universe, dark energy absolutely dominates, relentlessly pushing galaxy clusters apart. However, on a smaller scale, where galaxies lie close to each other, their mutual gravitational attraction turns out to be stronger than the stretching power of the vacuum. "

"the space itself expands, the three-dimensional fabric on which galaxies are drawn. This expansion is driven by mysterious dark energy, which seems to act like a cosmic repulsive engine. "

"In extreme cases, when the alignment in space is perfect, so-called strong lensing occurs, and as a result, light reaches us from several different directions. And we see multiple duplicated images of the same single object in the night sky. "

"The first method examines the oldest light in the universe, which is the cosmic microwave background, an echo of the Big Bang. And by analyzing these primordial signals from the beginning of time, combining them with our cosmological model, scientists can mathematically calculate how fast the universe should expand today. "

"According to the general theory of relativity, gravity is not traditionally a force, but merely a manifestation of the curvature of spacetime itself by mass. "

"From a mathematical perspective, this entire technique is based on the fundamental principle of optical physics known as Fermat's principle, or the principle of least time. It states that a light ray moving between two points always chooses the path that takes the least time to travel. "

"This idea was born in 1964 in the mind of the Norwegian astrophysicist Sjur Refsdal, who described it in his scientific work. "

"The standard model of cosmology, also called the Lambda-CDM model, is the simplest theoretical framework able to provide a good description of all the observed cosmological phenomena. "

"From a mathematical perspective, this entire technique is based on the fundamental principle of optical physics known as Fermat's principle, or the principle of least time. It states that a ray of light moving between two points always chooses the path that takes the least time to travel. "

"One of the most spectacular phenomena predicted by Albert Einstein, namely gravitational lensing, came to the rescue. "

"The Hubble Constant, denoted by the symbol H0, is nothing more than a mathematical parameter that determines the current rate of expansion of the universe. "

"The standard model of cosmology, also called the Lambda-CDM model, is the simplest theoretical framework able to provide a good description of all the observed cosmological phenomena... It is the current standard model of Big Bang cosmology. "

"According to the general theory of relativity, gravity is not traditionally a force, but a manifestation of the curvature of spacetime itself by mass. "

"The Hubble Constant, denoted by the symbol H0, is nothing more than a mathematical parameter that determines the current rate of expansion of the universe. "

"The idea was born in 1964 in the mind of the Norwegian astrophysicist Sjur Refsdal, who described it in his scientific paper. "

"A quasar is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN). It is sometimes known as a quasi-stellar object, abbreviated QSO. The emission from an AGN is powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole with a mass ranging from millions to tens of billions of solar masses, surrounded by a gaseous accretion disc. Gas in the disc falling towards the black hole heats up and releases energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. "

"Quasars have become an excellent research ground for this phenomenon, as they are some of the most extreme and fascinating objects in the known cosmos. "

"The final delay is also influenced by something else, namely the Shapiro effect, called gravitational time delay. Light that passes through the powerful gravitational field of a galaxy, which acts here as a lens, experiences a slowing down of the passage of time from the perspective of an external observer. "

"P-waves are compressional waves that move by compressing and expanding the medium in their travel direction. They can traverse solids, liquids, and gases, making them the fastest seismic wave type. "

"S-waves, which are shear waves, behave completely differently. They move material particles sideways, perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Such movement requires atoms to be rigidly bound together, which means that S-waves can only propagate in solids. In liquids, where particles slide freely, the S-wave immediately dissipates and simply disappears. "

"P-waves, in particular, move more quickly along the inner core's rotational axis than across the equatorial plane. This suggests that Earth's rotation affects the alignment of iron crystals during the core's solidification. Asymmetric growth of the inner core explains a three-decade-old mystery — that the crystallized iron in the core seems to be preferentially aligned along the rotation axis of the earth, more so in the west than in the east, whereas one would expect the crystals to be randomly oriented. The eastern inner core located beneath Indonesia's Banda Sea is growing faster than the western side beneath Brazil. "

"S-waves behave completely differently; they are shear waves. They move material particles sideways, perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Such movement requires atoms to be rigidly bound together, which means S-waves can only propagate in solids. In liquids, where particles slide freely, the S-wave immediately dissipates and simply disappears. "

"P-waves act like a moving spring. They compress and stretch material in the direction they travel. And thanks to this, they can travel through any medium. They will easily pass through both hard granite and liquid magma. "