"If we sum all the mass and energy of matter in the universe as positive numbers, and all the energy of the gravitational field as negative numbers, the result of this equation is shocking. Zero. A big round zero. "

"Inflation de facto froze this state of existence. Thanks to inflation, our universe is as we see it. Flat, homogeneous, and vast. We see evidence for this in the cosmic microwave background radiation, the echo of the Big Bang that reaches us from every corner of the sky. The temperature distribution in this radiation perfectly matches the predictions of inflationary models. "

"First, nothing exists in a physical sense. Empty space is a boiling sea of energy. Second, the total energy of the universe is zero, so its creation costs no net energy. Third, cosmological inflation can instantly turn a microscopic fluctuation into a gigantic cosmos. And fourth, a slight violation of symmetry allowed matter to survive annihilation with antimatter. "

"Inflation is a moment just after the birth of the universe lasting a fraction of a fraction of a second, in which space went crazy, expanded exponentially. We are talking about expansion faster than the speed of light. And calmly, this obviously does not break Einstein's theory in any way. nothing can move in space faster than light, but space itself can swell probably at any speed. "

"The James Webb Space Telescope confirms the presence of the first runaway supermassive black hole speeding through its host galaxy at 2.2 million miles per hour. "

"And considering that the overall velocity dispersion for this entire system is only about 4 km/s, such a gigantic velocity jump in the center is a very suspicious phenomenon. The only truly logical explanation for generating such a powerful centrifugal force in the central stars is the presence of some point-like, gigantic mass concentration. "

"“Our work may revolutionize the modeling of dwarf galaxies or star clusters to include supermassive black holes instead of just dark matter halos”. “The black hole in Segue 1 is significantly larger than what is expected”. "

"And for comparison, in the Milky Way, the central supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, has a mass of about 4 million solar masses. And it sounds impressive, of course, but it is merely a tiny fraction of a percent of the total mass of the Milky Way, which, after all, counts hundreds of billions of stars. In Segue 1, the proportions are completely reversed. "

"In its center, scientists discovered a black hole of such gigantic mass that it, and not dark matter, may be responsible for the gravitational scaffolding of this entire system. We are talking about the Seg 1 galaxy, an ultra-faint dwarf galaxy located in the close vicinity of our Milky Way. "

""Instead of dark matter, a giant black hole at the heart of Segue 1 provides the needed glue, keeping stars tethered with its gravitational pull." "Our work may revolutionize the modeling of dwarf galaxies or star clusters to include supermassive black holes instead of just dark matter halos," said Nathaniel Lujan, a graduate student at UTSA who led the research. "

"The models showed that the stars located near the center were traveling in quick, tight circles, which is a tell-tale sign of an immense gravitational pull generated by a black hole. Additional support for a central black hole comes from a significant increase in the central rotation. Using individual velocities, we measure a rotation amplitude of 9.0 ± 2.4 km s−1. "

"In the case of such a small system as Segue 1, the presence of such a compact giant mass in the center of this galaxy acts as a gravitational anchor, which replaces the missing interaction previously attributed to distributed dark matter. "

"In its center, scientists discovered a black hole of such gigantic mass that it, and not dark matter, may be responsible for the gravitational scaffolding of the entire system. We are talking about the galaxy Seg 1, an ultra-faint dwarf galaxy located in close proximity to our Milky Way. "

"The model with a black hole provides an orbital structure that is close to isotropic, more similar to other well-studied systems. "

"Over vast cosmological distances, this rate accumulates to values that exceed the speed of light in a vacuum. Space literally swells at such a dizzying rate that it moves entire worlds away from us at superluminal speeds. "

"In engineering practice, astronomers encounter a huge obstacle called mass sheet degeneracy. This already sounds very complicated, but the point is that galaxies are not perfectly smooth and symmetrical glass lenses, but lumpy, irregular structures composed of billions of stars, huge invisible clouds, dark matter, dust, gas, and everything else that makes up a galaxy. "

"A key, inviolable assumption of this model is that dark energy has a completely constant density, which is in itself very strange, because it means that in every cubic centimeter of expanding cosmic space there is always exactly the same unchanging amount of this invisible, repulsive force. "

"In extreme cases, when the alignment in space is perfect, so-called strong lensing occurs, and as a result, light reaches us from several different directions. And we see multiple duplicated images of the same single object in the night sky. "

"A key, inviolable assumption of this model is that dark energy has a completely constant density, which is already very strange in itself, because it means that in every cubic centimeter of expanding cosmic space there is always exactly the same unchanging amount of this invisible, repulsive force. "

"The measured delay time provided further evidence for the correctness of geometric methods of measuring expansion. "

"When the light of a capricious flicker is split by a galaxy lens into several separate images, each of these light beams must travel a completely different path of different length in space. Because the paths have different lengths, the light carrying information about a sudden quasar flare reaches our Earth telescopes at different moments. "

"An international team of scientists working with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument known as Desi has published the results of their monumental research on the evolution of the cosmos using baryonic acoustic oscillations. "

"The second method involves direct observation of objects in the closer contemporary universe, mainly by tracking star explosions. The results of examining distant explosions give an expansion rate a few percent higher than what would result from calculations based on background radiation. "

"The final delay is also affected by something else, namely the Shapiro effect, called gravitational time delay. Light that passes through the powerful gravitational field of a galaxy, which acts here as a lens, experiences a slowing down of the passage of time from the perspective of an external observer. "

"Measurements based on the nearby Universe consistently indicate a higher expansion rate — around 73 kilometers per second per megaparsec — while predictions derived from the early Universe yield a lower value, closer to 67 or 68. Although the numerical difference is modest, it is far larger than can be explained by statistical uncertainty. This persistent disagreement, known as the Hubble tension, has now been observed across multiple independent studies and techniques. "

"Since 1929, we officially know that our universe is constantly expanding, and since 1998, we have absolute certainty that this expansion is constantly accelerating. "

"In the standard flat ΛCDM cosmology assuming uniform priors on H0 and Ωm, we find H0 = 73.3 (-1.8,+1.7) km/s/Mpc, a 2.4% precision measurement. "

"When the light of a capricious flickering object is split by a galaxy lens into several separate images, each of these light beams must travel a completely different path of different length in space. Because the paths have different lengths, the light carrying information about a sudden quasar flare reaches our terrestrial telescopes at different times. "

"The measured delay time provided further evidence for the correctness of geometric methods of measuring expansion. "

"Since 1929, we officially know that our universe is constantly expanding, and since 1998, we have absolute certainty that this expansion is constantly accelerating. "

"The first method examines the oldest light in the universe, which is the cosmic microwave background, an echo of the Big Bang. And by analyzing these primordial signals from the beginning of time, combining them with our cosmological model, scientists can mathematically calculate how fast the universe should be expanding today. "

"To break this mathematical ambiguity, scientists had to develop extremely difficult techniques for measuring the dynamics of stars within the lens galaxy, by examining their average Doppler shifts, i.e., by looking at how they move. And this allows us to precisely map the distribution of the entire mass and save the accuracy of the measurements. "