"Measurements based on the nearby Universe consistently indicate a higher expansion rate — around 73 kilometers per second per megaparsec — while predictions derived from the early Universe yield a lower value, closer to 67 or 68. Although the numerical difference is modest, it is far larger than can be explained by statistical uncertainty. This persistent disagreement, known as the Hubble tension, has now been observed across multiple independent studies and techniques. "

"Dark matter is one of the most elusive components of our cosmos. A milestone in its discovery was the research of Vera Rubin, who, by analyzing galaxy rotation curves, noticed that stars on the outskirts move at such enormous speeds that entire galaxies should be torn apart by centrifugal force. Since this doesn't happen, there must be some enormous mass inside and around galaxies that does not emit, reflect, or absorb any electromagnetic radiation, which makes it completely invisible to traditional telescopes from our perspective. "

"Just 5 years later, in 1914, Beno Gutenberg made another breakthrough. He observed that S-waves were completely blocked over a vast area on the opposite side of the globe from the earthquake's epicenter. This was undeniable physical evidence that the Earth possesses a gigantic liquid outer core. "

"However, it was not until 1936 that the Danish geophysicist Ingele Lechman, analyzing subtle anomalous P-wave echoes in shadow zones, proved that there was something else inside this liquid ocean of iron. She showed that deep inside there is a dense, wave-reflecting inner core, which was widely recognized as completely solid and crystallized. "

"The central part of the globe is not just a rigid iron sphere, but a hybrid structure in which heavy atoms form a hard scaffolding, and lighter elements rush between them with complete freedom, behaving like a true liquid. "

"Simulations have shown that the enormous pressure and temperature prevailing in the Earth's core create ideal conditions for an iron-nickel and carbon alloy to enter this unusual hybrid phase. "

"the latest discoveries show that the very heart of our planet hides a structure which, according to traditional physics textbooks, naturally had no right to exist in such a form. It would be a strange, exotic matter that can be simultaneously a perfect solid and a free liquid. "

"This is the first experimental demonstration that, under inner core conditions, this alloy exhibits extremely low shear wave velocity, which perfectly explains the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the core. "

"Simulations have shown that the immense pressure and temperature prevailing in the Earth's core create ideal conditions for an iron-nickel and carbon alloy to enter this unusual hybrid phase. "

"the latest discoveries show that the very heart of our planet hides a structure that, according to traditional physics textbooks, as usual, had no right to exist in such a form. It would be a strange, exotic matter that can be simultaneously a perfect solid and a free liquid. "

"There is a huge surplus of dark matter in space. It outweighs ordinary matter, from which we, planets and stars are built, at least five times. "

"Meanwhile, James Webb looked into the past and saw something completely different. Instead of cosmic preschoolers, it observed developed, mature, even adult galaxies. Some of them are enormous and look incredibly old, which completely contradicts a universe that was only a few hundred million years old at that time. "

"The situation further corroborates the fact that the S25112CM event was electromagnetically dark. No flash of light, no kilonova, no Gamma-ray burst, nor any other optical signal that usually accompanies neutron star collisions was observed. "

"The situation is further substantiated by the fact that the S25112CM event was electromagnetically dark. No flash of light, no kilonova, no Gamma-ray burst, nor any other optical signal typically accompanying neutron star collisions was observed. "

"Detection of a subsolar mass object, i.e., smaller than the mass of the sun, completely bypasses this mechanism. "

"in late 2024 Caitlyn Casey and her team at the University of Texas in Austin calculated their expected stellar population. based on the optical light detected from the little red dots. ... the maths. just didn't work ... from the equations it turned out that the hypothetical stars in these objects would be able to produce just 1% of the dust needed to create the deep red that we saw in the images. "

"Most of the matter in the universe is plasma, which is ionized matter, meaning separate positives and separate negatives. There is a lack of electrons or too many electrons. So, this type of material, where we have separate positives, separate negatives, and these positives and negatives spin, orbit, is an ideal place for a magnetic field to be created. Let's recall, according to the theory of electromagnetism, it is the movement of electric charge that causes the creation of a property such as magnetism. "

"the Sun rotates around its axis differentially. Yes, that's what it's called. Which means that the Sun also has a big influence on the Sun's magnetic cycle, which is closely related to the solar activity cycle. Uh, at the equator, the Sun rotates around its axis at a speed of once every 28 days. 27, 28, I don't remember exactly, but something around that. Whereas near the poles, it's once every 30-something days. "

"Earth is a big magnet. Yes. The magnetic field is Faraday's law. Faraday showed it first, if you take a piece of wire, a loop, and you put a magnet in and pull it out, you will generate it. But you are putting it in and pulling it out, moving, you are moving. Yes, there must be movement, because there must be something called the Lorentz force. electric charge and it acts directly electric charge times electric field and this is Coulombic interaction the same electric charge in the presence of a magnetic field will also move and this force will also act, but there is also velocity, in "

"a silent collapse can occur, because such collapses have probably been observed recently, meaning we no longer have a supernova, these outer layers don't bounce back, but probably the star simply collapses in a rather non-violent way. I mean, it collapses violently, but there is no explosion here. Yes. This concerns mainly very massive stars, those with above several tens of solar masses, they live quite intensely and indeed any instability there can lead to the battle between gravity, which wants to crush the star, and the radiation that arises in its interior, which wants to inflate, explode the star, that gravity wins, but it wins delicately, on points, not winning a powerful battle, and indeed the whole thing can collapse and then with such an initial mass there is no other outcome. There is only a black hole as the ultimate element. "

"A pulsar, a neutron star, is a large rotating magnet that primarily releases its energy through mechanisms related to the magnetic field and the release of this energy and the action of this field on elementary particles, on electrons, on positrons, which are released in some areas. They annihilate, radiation is produced, and these escaping beams are formed. "

"today a neutron star is seen by theorists as a much more complex object, because firstly there are stars, there are different models of the interior structure of stars depending on their mass, what parameters we observe by studying them as pulsars, because we can examine the magnetic field of such a pulsar. And there are these simple neutron stars, where neutron matter is inside, but there can also be those where there is not only such, it is said superfluid neutron liquid, but also some exotic particles can form the core of such a neutron star. And interestingly, there are also predicted possibilities of unbound quarks existing inside. "

"a black hole itself is not a magnet, but its environment becomes one. A circular current-carrying conductor becomes a north-south magnet. If the matter around a black hole becomes ionized and moves at very high speeds, it sometimes excites very strong magnetic fields. So, in summary, a black hole, through its gravitational influence, being a gravitational power plant, excites its surroundings to such various electrical and magnetic properties. "

"both neutron stars and black holes, these stellar black holes, because let's leave those giant black holes alone for now, they arise as the final stage, such a final stage of the evolution of massive stars. And here, depending on what the initial mass of the star was, this evolution lasts shorter or longer. The more massive the star, the shorter. "

"at the end of this evolutionary path, when iron is already formed in the core or in the vicinity of the core, heavier elements cannot be formed, because their creation requires more energy than can be obtained from such a process. This iron, so to speak, poisons the star. And then the process of the core's contraction begins. Gravity wins. "

"Earth is a magnet. Why is it a magnet? Because inside the Earth, matter is also in a molten, somewhat ionized state and it moves. And it moves. There is one ferritic, ferro-nickel, also iron-nickel core, solid, molten, they move relative to each other and in fact, they create in a mechanism called the dynamo mechanism, these mutual movements, mutual differences in speed cause the magnetic field to be generated. "

"The sun's magnetic field changes polarity approximately every 11 years. It happens at the peak of each solar cycle as the sun's inner magnetic dynamo re-organizes itself. While polar field reversals vary in speed in timing, it generally takes a year or two to complete, but it varies. Solar Cycle 24's north polar field took nearly five years to reverse! Most estimates for the duration of a polarity transition are between 1,000 and 10,000 years, but some estimates are as quick as a human lifetime. The magnetic field on the solar surface is about twice as strong as the magnetic field on Earth, it is about 100μ T. "

"black holes can be considered in different ways and there are different levels of approach to black holes. the simplest black hole is simply closing matter in this simple equation there GM/r² and r is the radius, the radius is the radius of the black hole, mass, yes, and gravitational constant. there are Reissner-Nordström, they don't rotate but are not electrically neutral, and finally those rotating ones that have ergosfery, those various elements that surround the singularity, these are rotating stars, Kerr or Kerr-Newman stars. "

"falling matter bounces off certain areas of the star's interior, tears the star apart, and a Type II supernova is formed, right? these supernovae where the entire star is torn apart, but its core, which is one to several solar masses trapped in a star that has over 15 solar masses, collapses either into a neutron star, because gravity can no longer compress such an object, or into essentially a singularity called a black hole. "

"What characterizes a black hole, such a Kerr black hole, is that we always get excited about the mass of a black hole, but it is the angular momentum, meaning we assume it rotates, because we cannot assume it doesn't rotate, because there is the principle of conservation of angular momentum when an object shrinks. Well, it starts to rotate faster and faster as its radius decreases, right? And here, not to refer to those ice skaters or anything. So that's why neutron stars, after a star collapses, or the core of a supernova explosion, they spin once per second or something, or even faster, because it's like an ice skater. "

"In any case, on May 14th we have, on May 14th we have nothing. 17.1 Earth-Moon distances and seven Earth-Moon distances. However, soon an interesting asteroid will fly close to Earth at a distance of only 90,000 km from the surface of our planet, which is 1/3, 1/4 sometimes even of the Earth-Moon distance. So I hope that then there will be Astrokawa. "