"When these extremely accurate maps of cosmic structures known from cosmic background radiation and traditional supernovae were combined, scientists obtained a clear and unambiguous signal. Dark energy is not a constant value. "

"Combining lensing data with supernova data, scientists calculated that the chance of this gigantic discrepancy in results being a mere random fluke or some statistical error is less than 1 in 10 million. The crisis has become a fact, and the Hubble tension has become a real problem in physics. "

"the material obtained in the laboratory showed a powerful drop in shear wave velocity and a Poisson's ratio perfectly consistent with real seismic measurements of the Earth's outer core. So, undeniable experimental evidence confirming the superionic nature of the core appeared before us. "

"the results delighted everyone, because the material obtained in the laboratory showed a powerful drop in shear wave velocity and a Poisson's ratio perfectly consistent with actual seismic measurements of the Earth's exterior. So, undeniable experimental evidence confirming the superionic nature of the core appeared before us. "

""Using individual velocities, we measure a rotation amplitude of 9.0 ± 2.4 km s−1." and "the overall velocity of these stars was about 4 km/s orbiting the center. but when you get closer and closer to the center the rotation seems to jump dramatically. with stars orbiting at 9 to 14 km/s." "

"These acoustic waves left a very characteristic repeating distance pattern in the distribution of galaxies in the universe, which acts like a gigantic cosmic ruler. By believing how this ruler changed its size over billions of years, scientists can precisely reconstruct the full history of the expansion of cosmic space from the earliest epochs to today. "

"Hubble tension is a deep measurement crisis, which results from the fact that two main independent methods of determining the universe's expansion rate give different results that absolutely refuse to agree with each other. "

"It's a deep measurement crisis, which results from the fact that two main independent methods for determining the rate of expansion of the universe give different results that absolutely refuse to agree with each other. "

"Independent geometric measurements clearly side with higher results obtained from observations of the local universe using supernovae and reject those lower values predicted by observations of background radiation. "

"Another breakthrough was the lensed supern0PE. If you read it all at once, it will be Hope, which belonged to Type 1A supernovae, i.e., cosmic standard candles of perfectly known brightness. It gave scientists a unique chance to conduct two independent physical analyses in one and the same object. And this ultimately allowed to confirm a higher expansion rate of the modern cosmos. "

"Independent geometric measurements clearly side with higher results obtained from observations of the local universe using supernovae and reject those lower values predicted by observations of background radiation. "

"In 2014, the Hubble telescope captured an amazing sight. four images of the same supernova, more than 9 billion light-years away, arranged in a perfect cross around a lensing galaxy, and this object was officially named Revzdal supernova in honor of the brilliant scientist "

"HST observations of MACS J1149.5+2223 taken on 11 December 2015 show an object interpreted as a new image of SN Refsdal. This was the fifth image of SN Refsdal and—importantly—the first time astronomers successfully predicted the appearance of a supernova image. "

"An international research team operating within the Holly Cow collaboration, yes, that's exactly what it's called, but look at how it's spelled on the screen, published precise measurements of the Hubble constant based on the analysis of six best-selected lensed quasars and obtained a value of 73.3. "

"By measuring this precise time delay, scientists are able to purely geometrically calculate the absolute distance to Kazaru and the lens, and this gives us a direct pure measurement of the Hubble constant, completely bypassing the complicated and uncertain steps of the traditional cosmic distance ladder. "

"Multiply lensed images of a same source experience a relative time delay in the arrival of photons due to the path length difference and the different gravitational potentials the photons travel through. This effect can be used to measure absolute distances and the Hubble constant ( H 0 ) and is known as time-delay cosmography. The method is independent of the local distance ladder and early-universe physics and provides a precise and competitive measurement of H 0 . "

"Latest seismic analyses and laboratory experiments prove that inside our planet's core there is a state of matter that no one had even dreamed of for decades. The superionic state. "

"Latest seismic analyses and laboratory experiments prove that inside our planet's core there is a state of matter that no one had even dreamed of for decades. The superionic state. "

"In a typical crystal, all atoms are trapped in their positions in a three-dimensional lattice. In the superionic state, something unusual happens. One type of atoms behaves rigidly. It forms a rigid scaffold with an intact spatial structure. But the second type of atoms trapped in the free spaces of this lattice gains such enormous energy that it breaks all bonds and begins to rush between the elements of that scaffold with complete, almost chaotic freedom. These lighter elements become a true liquid river within the solid crystal. "

"For most typical hard solids and minerals, this coefficient is a modest 2 to 3. Meanwhile, seismic measurements from the very heart of the Earth showed a value as high as 45. The result, anomalously high, almost identical to the parameters of soft plastic rubber. The Earth's inner core thus turned out to be a material incredibly difficult to compress, but at the same time extremely susceptible to shear. "

"In a typical crystal, all atoms are trapped in their positions in a three-dimensional lattice. In the superionic state, something unusual happens. One type of atom behaves rigidly, forming a stiff scaffolding with an intact spatial structure. But the second type of atom, trapped in the free spaces of this lattice, gains such enormous energy that it breaks all bonds and begins to rush between the elements of that scaffolding with complete, almost chaotic freedom. These lighter elements become a true liquid river inside the solid crystal. "

"However, the biggest mystery turned out to be S-waves. Although they are absolutely blocked by the liquid outer core, they can regenerate within the inner core as a result of the transformation of P-waves, which, upon striking a solid barrier, generate new transverse vibrations. And when seismologists measured the speed of these newly formed S-waves in the very center of the planet, they discovered that they move much too slowly and lose energy at a rate that completely rules out the presence of rigid, hard iron. "

"Meanwhile, James Webb found a candidate for a giant mature galaxy at a redshift of 7.3. And this means that it already existed when the universe was only 5% of its current age. "

"if we gathered a coulomb charge, one coulomb, and had two packages of electrons of one coulomb, gravity at a small distance would be negligible, while the electric Coulomb forces would be gigantic. C. One coulomb, a positive and a negative charge attract with a force of about 10 billion tons. Two coulomb charges, that's such a gigantic force. So you have a coulomb here, a coulomb here, only that's a lot. Yes. Well, that's a gigantic value when it comes to electric charge, but we have such units, related to electric charge. Uh, if we take two electrons at a small distance, then uh electricity absolutely dominates. Gravity has nothing to say. Yes, gravitational attraction is 40 orders of magnitude weaker than electrical repulsion. "

"The breakthrough occurred in 1997, when Juan Maldacena proposed one of the most important ideas in modern theoretical physics, the AdS/CFT correspondence. Maldacena showed that a certain type of space with gravity, the so-called anti-de Sitter space, which is precisely AdS, can be described by a completely different theory acting on its boundary. "