"Currently, taking into account the constant expansion of space, throughout this entire period, the contemporary physical radius of our observable universe has expanded to approximately 46.5 billion light-years. "

"If we know the orbit and speed of an object, we can calculate the mass of what attracts it. And these calculations clearly state: in this small point, there must be something that weighs as much as 4 million of our suns. "

"In the center of our galaxy there is a monster, a true giant, an object with a mass of 4 million suns, compressed into an area smaller than the solar system. We call it Sagittarius A*. "

"S2 needs only 16 years to orbit the Galactic Center. In comparison, our Sun needs over 200 million years for this. S2 approaches the center at an extremely small distance and accelerates to speeds that are difficult to imagine in earthly conditions. "

""An alternative to the black hole (BH) scenario has been recently proposed in terms of a supermassive compact object composed of self-gravitating fermionic dark matter (DM)." "The international team of researchers have instead put forward an alternative idea – that a specific type of dark matter made up of fermions, or light subatomic particles, can create a unique cosmic structure that also fits with what we know about the Milky Way's core. It would in theory produce a super-dense, compact core surrounded by a vast, diffuse halo, which together would act as a single, unified entity." "

"We observe stars orbiting this point at incredible speeds. The most famous of them is the star designated by the symbol S2. It is our main star witness in the case against Sagittarius A*. "

"Degeneracy pressure saves stars from ultimate destruction. For example, white dwarfs, burnt-out cores of stars like the Sun, do not collapse further under their own mass precisely thanks to electron degeneracy pressure. Neutron stars, even denser objects, are held together by this neutron degeneracy pressure. "

"Astronomers working with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) have created the most detailed three dimensional map so far of light produced by energized hydrogen in the early universe, dating back roughly 9 billion to 11 billion years. "

"R136A1 releases as much light in just 4 seconds as our sun does in a whole year. We see it as only 164,000 times brighter because the vast majority of its radiation is invisible ultraviolet light. This star will last only about 3 million years, which in cosmic terms is literally a blink of an eye, but despite this record mass, we are still not talking about the largest star in terms of radius. "

"Massive main-sequence stars burn their fuel violently and extremely quickly. While the total length of life of our sun is estimated at 10 billion years, Bellatrix has been burning for 25 million years and has just about 7 million years of life left. Therefore, such massive and large objects are rare in space. Their instability and short lifespan make them statistically harder to observe than their lighter, more long-lived cousins. "

"Every star is essentially a constant arena of a brutal struggle between two opposing forces. On one side, we have the unimaginably strong gravity of the star, which tries to crush all its material to the very core, and on the other side, thermonuclear fusion occurs within that core. After its birth stage in the collapse of a molecular cloud, a star continuously converts hydrogen into helium. This process releases powerful energy that radiates outwards, preventing the gravitational collapse of the object. The Sun processes about 600 million tons of hydrogen in this way every second. "

"There is another giant star that is one step closer to ultimate destruction. And this is our second candidate WOH G64. It is the only star whose proper accurate pictures we managed to take outside our own galaxy. This red supergiant is located 160,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Recent studies indicate that this object might have already changed into a yellow hypergiant. "

"When two massive stars collide and merge into one, an absolute monster is formed, much larger than any object formed in a slow accretion process. R136 A1 probably has such an origin. It is a candidate for the most massive and brightest star in the universe. It is located in the extreme upper left corner of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and R136 A1 breaks the 150 solar mass limit, if we estimate its mass correctly. Its mass is estimated at 265 solar masses, and its radius is 40 times larger. "

"Further research brought an object that completely shook the environment, strange radio circle ner 4. Astronomers immediately dubbed it a cloverleaf due to its completely atypical, jagged and cloudy appearance with various numerous protrusions. Located about 600 million light-years away from Earth and a little over 325,000 light-years wide, it became the most widely analyzed object in the constant pool of discoveries. "

"ORC objects measure their diameters in millions of light-years and are found incredibly far from galactic planes. Making an analogy to boxing here, it's a completely different weight category, and ORCs certainly do not originate from dead stars. "

"Today, after more precise research and calibrations, it is accepted that it is an absolutely monstrous 2 million light-years and this translates to a width as much as 20 times greater than the size of our entire Milky Way galaxy. "

"Let's go back to the data fished out a moment later, to circles number two and three. They were found in the sky right next to each other. They had such a small distance between their edges that they literally touched. In size, they did not differ much from each other. But here the similarities between the siblings end. ORC2 shines in radio data as a strong, bright, beautifully shaped circle. Circle number 3, on the other hand, is a completely different story. A faded, completely blurred object, rather resembling a thin disk. "

"Extremophiles such as Methanopyrus kandleri can survive and thrive at 122 degrees Celsius. Microscopic tardigrades, in the absence of water, enter a state of anabiosis, curling up and stopping all biological activity, being able to resist both deadly cold and the vacuum of outer space. "

"We have discovered that beneath the icy crust of Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, a deep liquid ocean is hidden, and its volume may exceed the water resources of the entire Earth. In Saturn's orbit, we encountered Enceladus, a small moon from which plumes of water are ejected at incredible speed, in which space probes identified carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, which are essential building blocks for life. "

"The answer lies in the brutal laws of optics. We are talking about an object 500 astronomical units away from the sun. Sunlight has to travel there, which takes many hours, reflect off the planet, and return to us. And here physics enters with its merciless inverse square law, and in this case, the inverse fourth power. Normally, the brightness of a light source decreases with the square of the distance. If you move a light bulb twice as far away, from our perspective, it will appear four times dimmer. Simple. But in the case of a planet that does not emit its own visible light, but only reflects the light of a star, we get a double effect here. First, the light weakens by the square of the distance as it travels to the planet. Then, that meager reflected light must return to us and weakens again, another square. As a result, the brightness of the object decreases proportionally to the fourth power of the distance. An object that is 10 times further away is not 100 times dimmer, but 10,000 times dimmer. That is why searching for Planet Nine using optical telescopes that capture visible light is a true astronomical nightmare. "

"In 2016, a team of astronomers led by Konstantin Batygin and Michael Brown presented data suggesting the presence of a massive object that could be Planet Nine, reigniting interest in the topic. ... Gravitational Influence: May explain anomalies in the orbits of other objects. "

"If such an object is large enough, it becomes absolutely stable, does not decay, and most importantly for our search for dark matter, it can be electrically neutral. It has no charge, so it doesn't interact with light, it's dark. It perfectly fits the description of our sought-after fugitive. "

"These lumps are gravitational monsters. Their density exceeds human imagination. Imagine a particle the size of a dust grain, literally with a radius of just 10 micrometers, something you can barely see under a microscope. Such a strangelet particle would weigh a ton. Exactly a ton. "

"If you had a quark nugget the size of a centimeter, one that you could theoretically hold in your hand, although I advise against trying, it would weigh a billion tons. That's the mass, essentially mountains enclosed in the size of a candy. "

"Are gravitational waves also even longer, with lengths on the order of hours? Of course they are. They also have lengths of years, meaning these changes are in cycles of years. These must be large objects that slowly, albeit with some delicate acceleration, rotate. "

"Currently, these are the ultra-short gravitational waves, those associated precisely with merging neutron stars, black holes, and so on. Yes, these are precisely those gravitational waves, and these are precisely on the order of milliseconds. "

"In gravitational waves, there should at least be strictly wave effects, i.e., energy, momentum, angular momentum, yes, wave energy, but also a change in frequency due to distance, motion, yes, due to motion, i.e., the Doppler effect. And here, these wavelengths, which are for these most extensive, most developed structures. For example, these waves that are associated with binary systems, and there are such AGNs, such active galactic nuclei, where there is not one supermassive black hole, but two gigantic ones, but they move quite sluggishly and generate waves. "

"Gravitational waves form a spectrum, they have different lengths depending on what caused them, what phenomena they were. Different lengths make them waves that are very, very densely packed, or they are waves that are very, very dense. Yes. Just like electromagnetic waves, we also have radio, visible, and X and gamma waves. very long and such that these wavelengths are smaller than the size of an atom. "

"In 1915, when the foundations for the general theory of relativity were already ready, it solidified as it were in 1916, but by then it already turned out that solutions for accelerating masses in the general theory of relativity give solutions suggesting that some disturbances, such periodic disturbances, arise. "

"The results of the experiment showed something completely opposite. It turned out that the light scattered by these raging nanoparticles is not random at all. The direction of the scattered light is strictly correlated with its polarization. "

"Research on the dynamics, i.e., and ATLAS, showed that this gigantic mass loss, remember, 40 kg of water per second, perfectly explains the comet's strange movement. So we don't need ion engines, light sails here. Nothing, the physics of evaporating ice is enough. "