"Its impact on science is already enormous. It has forced physicists to rethink black holes. It has provided new tools for studying quantum gravity. It has combined information theory, quantum mechanics, and geometry into one of the most elegant pictures of modern science. "

"Maldacena showed that in a very important and mathematically precise model, holographic equivalence works between a gravitational theory in the bulk and a quantum theory on the boundary. This is a huge theoretical success, but transferring this idea to our real universe still remains one of the great challenges of physics. Simply put, holography is one of the best leads we have, but it is not yet the ultimate description of our cosmos. "

"In the 1970s, Jacob Beckenstein and Stephen Hawking discovered something that completely changed the way we think about black holes. It turned out that black holes have entropy, and entropy, very simply speaking, is related to the amount of information that can be attributed to a given system. "

"The holographic principle does not need an external computer, programmer, or that "real" world in quotes outside of ours. It does not say that someone is simulating us. It says that the laws of physics might have a structure in which a full description of a volume is equivalent to a description on its boundary. It is not a matrix, but an indication that nature itself might be more informational than we thought. "

"John Archibald Wheeler famously coined the phrase 'it from bit,' meaning 'being from bit' if we were to translate it into Polish. The idea that physical phenomena may have an informational structure at their foundation. Today, some physicists go further and speak of 'it from qubit.' Because if we are talking about the most fundamental level of reality, classical zeros and ones are no longer sufficient; instead, we need quantum information, entanglement, and superposition. "

"Steven Hawking showed that black holes are not entirely black. For quantum reasons, they can emit radiation. They lose energy very slowly, and in the extremely long run, they can completely evaporate. "

"The holographic principle does not say that we live in a computer simulation. It does not say that some cosmic programmer launched our world on an unimaginably powerful computer. It says something perhaps even stranger, that the laws of nature may be constructed in such a way that a full description of what happens in a certain area of space can be recorded on its boundary. In other words, what appears to be a three-dimensional world may have a deeper two-dimensional description. "

"The solution proposed by Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind, among others, was radial. Perhaps the information about what falls into a black hole is not stored inside it in the way we imagine. Perhaps it is encoded on the event horizon, on the surface of the black hole. "

"In recent years, physicists, including Mark Van Raamsdonk, have begun to show that spacetime geometry can be deeply connected to quantum entanglement. Entanglement is one of the most extraordinary phenomena of quantum mechanics. Two systems can be described by a common state in such a way that they can no longer be treated as completely independent, even if they are far apart. "

"Astronomers have just observed something that until now seemed impossible. A small, inconspicuous comet rushing through the solar system suddenly braked, stopped, and started spinning in the opposite direction. This is the first such case in the history of astronomical observations, which we caught almost red-handed. "

"The last time we had such an opportunity was in 2017, and that's when incredible things started to happen. In March 2017, comet 41P, let's assume we are its friend, rotated around its own axis once every 20 hours. A fairly typical pace for objects of this kind. However, just two months later, astronomers rubbed their eyes in amazement. The comet drastically slowed down. One full rotation already took it from 46 to even 60 hours. "

"The presence of ionized Helium lines in the HEB galaxy means that there must have been light sources with a temperature so high that they only fit one source, Population III stars. "

"The signal comes from a tiny object nicknamed Hebe, sitting about 3 kiloparsecs from GN-z11, a galaxy seen as it existed roughly 400 million years after the Big Bang. ... No metal lines turned up in the data. That absence matters. The earliest stars, often called Population III stars, are thought to have formed from almost pure hydrogen and helium... Because Hebe radiates emission solely from hydrogen and helium atoms, astronomers suspect Hebe hosts the first generation of stars, known as Population III stars. "

"These stars could have had masses greater than 100 solar masses. Massive Population III stars could have been as hot as 100,000 kelvins—more than 90,000 degrees hotter than the Sun. "

"These are the first stars that formed from virgin hydrogen and Helium just after the universe cooled down after the Big Bang. They did not have a single gram of carbon, oxygen, or iron in them. "

"It was these explosions that scattered the first heavy elements throughout the universe, from which billions of years later planets and we ourselves were formed. We are children of the stars. "

"Population III stars are such heavy-weight monsters. They were huge. We are talking about masses from several dozen to even several hundred times greater than the mass of the Sun. Their temperature was so high that they shone with dazzling blue-white light, reaching tens of thousands of degrees more than our star. "

"In immense pressure and temperature in the core, lighter atoms like hydrogen collide, fuse into heavier ones like Helium, releasing a powerful dose of energy. When hydrogen fuel runs out, the star begins to compress helium, creating carbon, then oxygen, and so on, up to iron. "

"It turns out that from inorganic substances, meaning simpler reactions that do not involve the bonding of carbon with other elements, organic particles can be formed as a result of various chemical transformations, and this happens without the involvement of any life that, like our bodies, would produce these subsequent instances of organic chemistry. This happens completely abiotically, right? "

"The diversity of observed organic molecules suggests that some chemical diversity has been preserved in ancient Martian sediments, despite billions of years of diagenesis, i.e., the process of sediment transformation into rock, and exposure to radiation. "

"More shows us that this water was there. We see exactly the same terrain carvings that water creates on Earth. Yes, for example, Valles Marineris, right? This enormous canyon that we can observe in practically every picture of Mars, if we want to immediately recognize that it is Mars. "

"Mars has a very thin atmosphere and it doesn't protect very well against radiation. Moreover, it's not some kind of super shield itself, even if it's a bit, but it also doesn't have a magnetosphere. And the magnetosphere is the main, the primary shield against radiation from the sun here. Well, Mars doesn't have this magnetosphere, so the radiation that reaches the surface also interacts with rocks, with regolith, and unfortunately over such a long time, because we are talking about billions of years, it simply erases all traces, yet despite everything, these rocks, as they say, survived, to rhyme it nicely. "

"the frog, as a diamagnetic, became an opposing magnet that repelled at 16 Teslas with exactly the same force as the force of gravity "

"a frog, as is known, is a living organism and, like us, consists mostly of water, and such a frog was placed in a magnetic field with an intensity of, attention, about 16 Tesla. This is a very large field. This is an enormously large magnetic field. "

"there are examples of animals and these include some birds, turtles, some fish, as it turns out also bacteria, some are able to orient themselves in and no, no, thank you and be subject to be subject to some kind of orientation and some kind of, well, I don't know, arrangement. Mhm. yyy guiding themselves by the lines of force of the magnetic field. "

"at the moment when there is a sufficiently strong magnetic field, but sufficiently strong, it will interact with this magnetic field by repulsion. "

"water aligns itself under the influence of a magnetic field in such a way as to act, as it were, against it. Well, that's the regalenca we're talking about. The magnetic field always causes this system of charges or current flow to be such that it is against it. "

"Earth has a magnetic field associated with its inner and outer core, which rotate mutually there, and those currents arise there, and the magnetic field is generated as a result of such a complex dynamo mechanism. "

"I keep repeating that this is one of the most important dates in the history of physics, December 14, 1900, because that's when Max Planck published his work, in which he showed the solution to the problem, i.e., the formula for the black-body spectrum, which accurately describes it, and the sun and some other glowing elements are approximations of a black body. "

"Well, today we know, of course, that these are atoms. In the 20th century, or rather at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, quantum mechanics evolved, which began to delve into these microstates and granularity. And then it turned out that in fact, when we start to consider all this, it turns out that not only matter, for example, is granular, but energy is also granular, because it is given in quanta. Hence the name quantum physics. "

"Planck, already having his value, which we talked about, the constant, which was later named Planck's constant, and knowing that the speed of light is constant, knowing how important the gravitational constant is, he somehow intuitively felt that Planck's constant, because it was already the basis for quantum theory. of light electromagnetism, where energy equals frequency times Planck's constant. "

"And this is what we call quantum fluctuations. These are real entities, because we are able to study them in the laboratory. We are able to pass photons through a structure devoid of particles and study their arrangement or polarization. And this suggests that these fields are there and they influence this electromagnetic wave. "